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روان شناسی و مشاوره::
درمان جایگزینی هورمون
In certain cases, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was found to be useful in improving health and well-being.
The physician should obtain objective evidence of hormone deficiency, exclude secondary causes of endocrine dysfunction, and make an assessment of risks versus benefits of the replacement therapy before recommending HRT to older adults.
Treatment of hypothyroidism independent of age is thyroid HRT.
The type of HRT and route of administration can present different risks to postmenopausal women.
In postmenopausal women, it is better to start with low dose of estrogen and consider tapering of HRT to help minimize breast cancer risks.187 The risk of venous thromboembolism appeared to be increased in oral estrogen but not in transdermal formulations.194-196 This finding was also noted in the E3N cohort.197 The groups treated with HRT showed a decreased incidence of diabetes.198,199 The type of HRT may influence the incidence of diabetes.200 A meta-analysis study reported that HRT in nondiabetic postmenopausal women had
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